Viking 1 was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on 20 August 1975 and took nearly 11 months to reach Mars.

Over the course of nearly three days, Valentina Tereshkova orbited the Earth 48 times on board Vostock 6, maintaining radio contact with Bykovsky using the call sign “Chaika,” meaning “Seagull” in Russian.

Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft designed to explore beyond the inner planets and, after a 21-month journey, was approaching Jupiter when it began transmitting data and images as it passed within 132,000 kilometres (82,000 miles) of the planet’s cloud tops.